免费日韩片_欧美成人精品一区二区男人小说_国产乱码一区二区三区四区_国产精品国产三级国产aⅴ入口_成人看的污污超级黄网站免费_欧美一级在线免费观看_成人午夜免费无码福利片_国产乱人伦偷精品视频色欲_aaa少妇高潮大片免费看_国产精品1234_亚洲精品国产suv一区88_中文字字幕在线中文无码_精品亚洲区_午夜九九九_国产av国片精品jk制服丝袜_色综合亚洲_亚洲成av人片无码bt种子下载_欧美色就色_精品少妇的一区二区三区四区_男人用嘴添女人下身免费视频

By Wang Yingying & Zhao Wei, Research Team on “Methodology of Reform”, Research Department of Macro-Economy of DRC

Research Report [Special Issue No.49 (Total 1452), 2015] 2015-12-25

Abstract: During the middle-to-later period of Ming Dynasty, highly centralized political system grew increasingly corrupted, land annexation became extremely serious, and the people lived in dire poverty, all of which led to a ruling crisis of the Ming Dynasty. In 1572 when Zhang Juzheng was appointed Minister of the cabinet, he launched a reform by the name of “abiding by ancestors’ rules”. He started from rectifying administration with a series of measures such as reducing redundant personnel and enhancing assessment of officials’ performance. This improved officials’ quality and efficiency of administration, and based on such facts he launched relevant reforms in the fields of land, finance, and military affairs. In essence, Zhang Juzheng’s reform was a rectification of social maladies without offending the established political and fiscal system of the Ming Dynasty. Although it did not eradicate political corruption and land annexation, it positively relieved social contradictions. A review of the decade-long Zhang Juzheng’s reform could offer us some enlightenments from the perspective of the methodology-based reform: reform should touch upon deep-seated institutional obstacles, reformers should be entitled to both political power and legal power, reform should proceed in a stable and orderly way, and key problems should be tackled first.

Key words: Zhang Juzheng’s reform, financial and taxation reform, methodology