When George Washington University announced last week that it was laying off nearly 50 employees to reduce costs, the university’s president, Steven Knapp, blamed a decline in enrollment in graduate and professional programs.
上周，喬治華盛頓大學(xué)宣布，將解雇近50名職工，以減少開支。校長史蒂文·納普稱，因碩士及職業(yè)教育學(xué)生人數(shù)下降，不得已做出此決策。

Graduate degrees and professional certificates have been the fastest-growing segment of higher education in recent years, and the thinking has always been that when the economy improves, fewer people go back to school for such credentials because they can more easily get jobs instead.
近幾年來，考取碩士學(xué)位及職業(yè)證書的人數(shù)持續(xù)上升。而公眾一直以來都認(rèn)為，經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的時候找工作更容易，所以很少有人返校繼續(xù)求學(xué)。

But GW and thousands of other college and universities are mistaken if they think that any downward trend in graduate enrollment is a temporary blip caused by an improving economy. Rather, what is happening now is a permanent shift in how today’s working adults acquire education throughout their lifetimes.
但若喬治華盛頓大學(xué)和其他高校因此便以為，研究生人數(shù)減少是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長導(dǎo)致的暫時性現(xiàn)象，那就大錯特錯了。恰恰相反，目前的變化將成為長期的發(fā)展形勢——今日的上班族終生都在追求教育。

Until now, if you needed additional training to get ahead in your job or switch careers, you had little choice but to enroll in a graduate or certificate program at a local college or online. These programs largely replicated undergraduate programs at colleges in that they required students to start at a specific time and dedicate months or even years to a series of courses. Most of all, the programs were expensive, and came with little, if any, financial aid from the colleges, which saw them as cash cows.
當(dāng)下，如果你想在工作中更有成就或想要改變職業(yè)發(fā)展方向，只能考取當(dāng)?shù)卮髮W(xué)或網(wǎng)校的研究生課程或證書課程，幾乎沒有其他選擇。這些課程與本科課程幾乎如出一轍，要求學(xué)生在特定時間開學(xué)，花上數(shù)月甚至數(shù)年學(xué)完一系列課程。最重要的是，此類課程收費昂貴，即使學(xué)校提供補貼，也是微乎其微。在這些學(xué)?？磥恚瑢W(xué)生就是搖錢樹。

We hear a lot these days about the “student-debt crisis,” but some of the biggest increases in student debt have come at the graduate level, not among undergraduates. A Brookings Institution report released last June found that the average debt levels of borrowers with a graduate degree have more than quadrupled since 1999, from about $10,000 to more than $40,000 (by comparison, those with a bachelor’s degree increased from $6,000 to $16,000).
近來，媒體頻頻報道有關(guān)“學(xué)生負(fù)債危機(jī)”的消息，然而，負(fù)債人數(shù)上升最快的是研究生，而非本科生。布魯金斯學(xué)會去年6月發(fā)布了一份報告，指出碩士貸款者平均負(fù)債額自1999年以來增長了三倍多，從約1萬美元上升到4萬多美元（相較之下，本科生從6000美元上升到1.6萬美元）。

The graduate and professional education market is ripe for disruption, yet much of the discussion on the changes coming to higher education have focused on undergraduate programs, like the kind Sweet Briar College operates. Persuading 18-year-olds and their parents to think of alternatives to a bachelor’s degree is a tough sell in a culture that celebrates the coming-of-age experience of going off to college. It’s much easier to offer a different pathway at the graduate level, when students already have a bachelor’s degree and they’re often paying the tuition bill themselves.
碩士及職業(yè)教育市場已臻成熟，不容易受外部影響。相反，在高等教育改革方面，討論最多的是關(guān)于本科生課程的改革，斯威特布萊爾學(xué)院便是如此。學(xué)生們都盼著長大成人、走入大學(xué)校園，在這樣的文化氛圍中，想要說服18歲孩子和他們的父母放棄本科學(xué)位、轉(zhuǎn)向其他選擇，實在太難了。而對于已經(jīng)擁有學(xué)士學(xué)位、學(xué)費也可以自力更生的研究生來說，想要說服他們“選擇另一條路”就容易多了。

New players in the market that aren’t traditional colleges — the Khan Academy, General Assembly, Skillshare, Lynda.com, Coursera, and Dev Bootcamp — are starting to attract students who normally would have pursued a graduate degree or certificate. Sure, these so-called “boot camps” don’t have the household brand names of legacy players, but they are largely succeeding where traditional colleges haven’t even tried to compete: with “just-in-time education.”
教育市場出現(xiàn)了不同于傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)的新興角色——可汗學(xué)院、綜合學(xué)會、技能分享網(wǎng)、琳達(dá)在線教育、Coursera公開課和德夫訓(xùn)練營——他們開始招攬原本想要考取碩士學(xué)位或證書的學(xué)生。當(dāng)然，這些所謂的“訓(xùn)練營”并非歷史悠久、家喻戶曉，但他們興旺的秘訣很大程度上在于，勇于探索傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)尚未嘗試與他們競爭的領(lǐng)域：“即時送教育”。

Think of just-in-time education as when you watch a video on YouTube to figure out how to change a flat tire or fix a broken appliance.
比如你從YouTube上搜索如何更換輪胎或如何修理損壞的電器，這就是“即時送教育”。

These emerging providers know that today’s economy demands education throughout our careers rather than just at the beginning, so they offer short spurts of content (from a few hours to a few weeks) when students need it instead of giving them a full helping of a degree.
這些新興學(xué)院很清楚，當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展要求我們在工作的同時要長期不斷學(xué)習(xí)，而不只是三分鐘熱度。因此，當(dāng)學(xué)生有需要的時候，他們便提供短期沖刺班（幾個小時到幾周不等），而不是全日制學(xué)位教育。

So far, their model is proving popular. The Khan Academy serves 10 million people a month with 5,000 videos. General Assembly has nearly two dozen locations around the world and more than 12,000 alumni who have taken its full- and part-time courses, most of whom are in their 20s and 30s and already have a bachelor’s degree.
以目前趨勢看來，這種模式廣受歡迎。可汗學(xué)院每月提供5000個視頻，供1000萬人學(xué)習(xí)。綜合學(xué)會在全球擁有近20個分支，有超過1.2萬學(xué)員（其中多數(shù)在20-30歲之間）原本就擁有學(xué)士學(xué)位。

And then there is Lynda?.com, which reaches more than 4 million people a year with its how-to tutorials online in everything from management skills to programming. Last week, just as GW was announcing its cutbacks, LinkedIn announced that it was buying Lynda?.com.
琳達(dá)在線教育提供各領(lǐng)域的在線實操課程，從管理技能到編程等，每年學(xué)員高達(dá)400多萬。上周，就在喬治華盛頓大學(xué)宣布裁員時，領(lǐng)英宣布收購琳達(dá)。

The purchase price: $1.5 billion. That’s almost double George Washington University’s annual budget and perhaps the only sign you need to see the kinds of changes coming in graduate-level education.
收購價為15億美元。這幾乎是喬治華盛頓大學(xué)年度預(yù)算的兩倍，或許也是你需要關(guān)注研究生教育變革的唯一跡象。

Vocabulary

blip：信號

cash cow：搖錢樹，財源

spurt：沖刺

（翻譯：FNU郭鳳玲 編輯：杜娟）