Computer scientists at the University of Alberta have solved checkers, the popular board game with a history that dates back to 3,000 B.C.
After more than 18 years and sifting through 500 billion billion (a five followed by 20 zeroes) checkers positions, Jonathan Schaeffer and his colleagues have built a checkers-playing computer program that cannot be beaten. Completed in late April, the Chinook program may be played to a draw but will never be defeated.
The results of this research are published today in the academic journal Science.
"This is a tremendous achievement - a truly significant advance in artificial intelligence," said Jaap van den Herik, editor of International Computer Games Journal.
"I think we've raised the bar - and raised it quite a bit - in terms of what can be achieved in computer technology and artificial intelligence," said Schaeffer, chair of the U of A Department of Computing Science.
Checkers is the largest non-trivial game of skill to be solved - it is more than one million times bigger than Connect Four and Awari, the previously biggest games that have been solved, Schaeffer added.
A self-described "awful" checkers player, Schaeffer created Chinook to exploit the superior processing and memory capabilities of computers and determine the best way to incorporate artificial intelligence principles in order to play checkers.
With the help of some top-level players, Schaeffer programmed heuristics ("rules of thumb") into a computer software program that captured knowledge of successful and unsuccessful checkers moves. Then he and his team let the program run, while they painstakingly monitored, tweaked and updated it as it went.
An average of 50 computers - with more than 200 running at peak times - were used every day to compute the knowledge necessary to complete Chinook. Now that it is complete, the program no longer needs heuristics - it has become a database of information that "knows" the best move to play in every situation of a game. If Chinook's opponent also plays perfectly the game would end in a draw.
"We've taken the knowledge used in artificial intelligence applications to the extreme by replacing human-understandable heuristics with perfect knowledge," Schaffer said. "It's an exciting demonstration of the possibilities that software and hardware are now capable of achieving."
Schaeffer started the Chinook project in 1989, with the initial goal of winning the human world checkers championship. In 1990 it earned the right to play for the championship. The program went on to lose in the championship match in 1992, but won it in 1994, becoming the first computer program to win a human world championship in any game -a feat recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records.
Chinook remained undefeated until the program was retired in 1997. With his sights set on developing it into the perfect checkers program, Schaeffer restarted the project in 2001.
"I'm thrilled with this achievement," he said. "Solving checkers has been something of an obsession of mine for nearly two decades, and it's really satisfying to see it through to its conclusion."
"I'm also really proud of the artificial intelligence program that we've built at the University of Alberta," he added. "We've built up the premier games group in the world, definitely second-to-none. And we've built up a strong, international, truly world-class reputation, and I'm very proud of that."
The checkers researcher was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, iCORE, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, Western Canada Research Grid, and the University of Alberta.
