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三、捍衛國家主權、安全、領土完整

II. Defending National Sovereignty, Security and Territorial Integrity

中國武裝力量的根本任務，是鞏固國防、抵抗侵略、保衛祖國。中國武裝力量的多樣化運用，堅持以國家核心安全需求為導向，著眼維護和平、遏制危機和打贏戰爭，保衛邊防、海防、空防安全，加強戰備工作和實戰化演習演練，隨時應對和堅決制止一切危害國家主權、安全、領土完整的挑釁行為，堅決維護國家核心利益。

The fundamental tasks of China's armed forces are consolidating national defense, resisting foreign aggression and defending the motherland. Responding to China's core security needs, the diversified employment of the armed forces aims to maintain peace, contain crises and win wars; safeguard border, coastal and territorial air security; strengthen combat-readiness and warfighting-oriented exercises and drills; readily respond to and resolutely deter any provocative action which undermines China's sovereignty, security and territorial integrity; and firmly safeguard China's core national interests.

保衛邊海防安全

Safeguarding Border and Coastal Security

中國有２．２萬多公里陸地邊界和１．８萬多公里大陸海岸線，是世界上鄰國最多、陸地邊界最長的國家之一。中國有５００平方米以上的島嶼６５００多個，島嶼岸線１．４萬多公里。中國武裝力量對陸地邊界和管轄海域實施防衛、管轄，維護邊海防安全的任務復雜繁重。

With a borderline of more than 22,000 km and a coastline of more than 18,000 km, China is one of the countries with the most neighbors and the longest land borders. Among all China's islands, more than 6,500 are larger than 500 square meters each. China's island coastline is over 14,000 km long. China's armed forces defend and exercise jurisdiction over China's land borders and sea areas, and the task of safeguarding border and coastal security is arduous and complicated.

陸軍邊海防部隊駐守在邊境、沿海地區及海上島嶼，擔負著守衛國（邊）界、沿海海岸和島嶼，抵御防范外敵入侵、蠶食、挑釁，以及協助打擊恐怖破壞、跨境犯罪等防衛與管理任務。邊海防部隊堅持以戰備執勤為中心，強化邊境沿海地區重要方向和敏感地段、水道、海域防衛警戒，嚴密防范各類入侵、蠶食和越境滲透破壞活動，及時制止違反邊海防政策法規和改變國界線現狀的行為，適時開展軍地聯合管控、應急處突等行動，有效維護邊境沿海地區的安全穩定。中國已與周邊７個國家簽訂邊防合作協議，與１２個國家建立邊防會談會晤機制。人民解放軍邊防部隊與俄羅斯、哈薩克斯坦、蒙古、越南等國邊防部門開展聯合巡邏執勤、聯合管控演練等友好合作活動。與哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、俄羅斯、塔吉克斯坦等國每年組織相互視察活動，監督和核查邊境地區信任措施落實情況。

The border and coastal defense forces of the PLAA are stationed in border and coastal areas, and on islands. They are responsible for defense and administrative tasks such as safeguarding the national borders, coastlines and islands, resisting and guarding against foreign invasions, encroachments and provocations, and assisting in cracking down on terrorist sabotage and cross-border crimes. The border and coastal defense forces focus on combat-readiness duties, strengthen the defense and surveillance of major directions and sensitive areas, watercourses and sea areas in border and coastal regions, maintain a rigorous guard against any invasion, encroachment or cross-border sabotage, prevent in a timely fashion any violation of border and coastal policies, laws and regulations and changes to the current borderlines, carry out civil-military joint control and management, and emergency response missions promptly, and effectively safeguard the security and stability of the borders and coastal areas.

China has signed border cooperation agreements with seven neighboring countries, and established mechanisms with 12 countries for border defense talks and meetings. The border and coastal defense forces of the PLA promote friendly cooperation in joint patrols, guard duties and joint control-management drills with their counterparts of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Vietnam, respectively. They also organize annual mutual inspections to supervise and verify the implementation of confidence-building measures in border areas with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.

海軍加強海區的控制與管理，建立完善體系化巡邏機制，有效掌握周邊海域情況，嚴密防范各類竄擾和滲透破壞活動，及時處置各種海空情況和突發事件。推進海上安全合作，維護海洋和平與穩定、海上航行自由與安全。在中美海上軍事安全磋商機制框架下，定期開展海上信息交流，避免發生海上意外事件。根據中越簽署的北部灣海域聯合巡邏協議，兩國海軍從２００６年起每年組織兩次聯合巡邏。

The PLAN strengthens maritime control and management, systematically establishes patrol mechanisms, effectively enhances situational awareness in surrounding sea areas, tightly guards against various types of harassment, infiltration and sabotage activities, and copes promptly with maritime and air incidents and emergencies. It advances maritime security cooperation, and maintains maritime peace and stability, as well as free and safe navigation. Within the framework of the Military Maritime Consultative Agreement (MMCA), the Chinese and US navies regularly exchange maritime information to avoid accidents at sea. According to the Agreement on Joint Patrols by the Navies of China and Vietnam in the Beibu Gulf, the two navies have organized joint patrols twice a year since 2006.

公安邊防部隊是國家部署在邊境沿海地區和開放口岸的武裝執法力量，擔負保衛國家主權、維護邊境沿海地區和海上安全穩定、口岸出入境秩序等重要職責，遂行邊境維穩、打擊犯罪、應急救援、邊防安保等多樣化任務。公安邊防部隊在邊境一線劃定邊防管理區，在沿海地區劃定海防工作區，在毗鄰香港、澳門陸地邊境和沿海一線地區２０至５０米縱深劃定邊防警戒區，在國家開放口岸設立邊防檢查站，在沿海地區部署海警部隊。近年來，對邊境地區和口岸實行常態化嚴查嚴管嚴控，防范打擊“三股勢力”、敵對分子的分裂破壞和暴力恐怖活動。集中整治海上越界捕撈活動，強化海上治安巡邏執法，嚴厲打擊海上違法犯罪活動。２０１１年以來，共破獲各類案件４７４４５起，繳獲各類毒品１２３５７千克，繳獲非法槍支１２５１１５支，查獲偷渡人員５６０７人次。

The border public security force is an armed law-enforcement body deployed by the state in border and coastal areas, and at ports. It assumes important responsibilities of safeguarding national sovereignty, and maintaining security and stability in border, coastal and sea areas, as well as entry and exit order at ports. It carries out diversified tasks of maintaining stability, combating crimes, conducting emergency rescues and providing security in border areas. The border public security force establishes border control zones along the borderlines, establishes maritime defense zones in the coastal areas, establishes border surveillance areas 20 to 50 meters in depth along land border and coastline areas adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, sets up border inspection stations at open ports, and deploys a marine police force in coastal areas. In recent years, regular strict inspections, management and control in border areas and at ports have been carried out to guard against and subdue separatist, sabotage, violent and terrorist activities by the "three forces" or hostile individuals. The border public security force takes strict and coordinated measures against cross-border fishing activities, strengthens law enforcement by maritime security patrols, and clamps down on maritime offenses and crimes. Since 2011, it has handled 47,445 cases, seized 12,357 kg of drugs, confiscated 125,115 illegal guns, and tracked down 5,607 illegal border-crossers.

民兵積極參加戰備執勤、邊海防地區軍警民聯防、哨所執勤和護邊控邊等行動，常年在邊海防線上巡邏執勤。

The militia takes an active part in combat readiness duties, joint military-police-civilian defense efforts, post duties, and border protection and control tasks in the border and coastal areas. Militia members patrol along the borders and coastlines all year round.

保衛空防安全

Safeguarding Territorial Air Security

空軍是保衛國家空防安全的主體力量，陸軍、海軍和武警部隊按照中央軍委的指示擔負部分空防任務。平時，國家防空實行空軍—軍區空軍—防空部隊指揮體制，空軍根據中央軍委意圖對擔負防空任務的各種防空力量實施統一指揮。中國空防體系由偵察監視、指揮控制、空中防御、地面防空、綜合保障和人民防空六大系統組成。中國已建成集偵察預警、抗擊、反擊和防護于一體的空防力量體系，具有以各種對空探測雷達和預警機為主體，以技術偵察、電子對抗偵察為補充的空情獲取手段；以殲擊機、殲擊轟炸機、地空導彈、高炮部隊為主體，以陸軍防空兵、民兵預備役防空力量和人民防空力量為補充的抗擊手段；以各種防護工程和防護力量為主體，以專業技術防護力量為補充的綜合防護手段。

The PLAAF is the mainstay of national territorial air defense, and in accordance with the instructions of the CMC, the PLAA, PLAN and PAPF all undertake some territorial air defense responsibilities. In peacetime, the chain of command of China's air defense runs from the PLAAF headquarters through the air commands of the military area commands to air defense units. The PLAAF exercises unified command over all air defense components in accordance with the CMC's intent. China's air defense system is composed of six sub-systems of reconnaissance and surveillance, command and control, aerial defense, ground air defense, integrated support and civil air defense. China has established an air defense force system that integrates reconnaissance and early warning, resistance, counterattack and protection. For air situation awareness means, air detection radars and early warning aircraft are the mainstay, supplemented by technical and ECM reconnaissance. For resistance means, fighters, fighter-bombers, ground-to-air missiles and antiaircraft artillery troops are the mainstay, supplemented by the strengths from the PLAA air defense force, militia and reserves, as well as civil air defense. For integrated protection means, various protection works and strengths are the mainstay, supplemented by specialized technical protection forces.

空軍日常防空基本活動，主要是組織偵察預警力量，監視國家領空及周邊地區空中動態，隨時掌握各種空中安全威脅；組織各級指揮機構，保持以首都為核心、以邊境沿海一線為重點的常態化戰備值班，隨時指揮各種空防力量行動；組織日常防空戰斗值班兵力，進行海上空域警巡、邊境反偵察和境內查證處置異常不明空情；組織航空管制系統，監控飛行活動，維護空中秩序，保障飛行安全。

The PLAAF organizes the following routine air defense tasks: reconnaissance and early warning units are tasked with monitoring air situations in China's territorial air space and surrounding areas and keeping abreast of air security threats. Command organs at all levels are tasked with assuming routine combat readiness duties with the capital as the core, and border and coastal areas as the key, and commanding air defense operations at all times. Routine air defense troops on combat duty are tasked with carrying out air vigilance and patrols at sea, conducting counter-reconnaissance in border areas and verifying abnormal and unidentified air situations within the territory. The air control system is tasked with monitoring, controlling and maintaining air traffic order so as to ensure flight safety.

保持常備不懈的戰備狀態

Maintaining Constant Combat Readiness

戰備工作是軍隊為執行作戰和非戰爭軍事行動任務而進行的準備和戒備活動，是軍隊全局性、綜合性、經常性的工作。提高戰備水平，保持常備不懈的戰備狀態，是有效應對多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務的重要保證。人民解放軍建立正規的戰備秩序，加強戰備基礎性建設，搞好針對性戰備演練，周密組織戰備值班和邊海空防巡邏執勤，隨時準備執行作戰和非戰爭軍事行動任務。部隊根據執行任務需要進入等級戰備，戰備等級按照戒備程度由低級到高級分為三級戰備、二級戰備、一級戰備。

Combat readiness refers to the preparations and alert activities of the armed forces for undertaking operational tasks and MOOTW, and it is the general, comprehensive and regular work of the armed forces. It is an important guarantee for coping with various security threats and accomplishing diversified military tasks to enhance the capabilities of combat readiness and maintain constant combat readiness. The PLA has a regular system of combat readiness. It improves infrastructure for combat readiness, carries out scenario-oriented drills, and earnestly organizes alert duties, border, coastal and air defense patrols and guard duties. It keeps itself prepared for undertaking operational tasks and MOOTW at all times. Based on different tasks, the troops assume different levels of readiness (Level III, Level II and Level I, from the lowest degree of alertness to the highest).

陸軍部隊的日常戰備，以維護邊境正常秩序和鞏固國家建設成果為重點，依托作戰指揮機構和指揮信息系統，加強戰備值班要素整合，探索戰區聯合值班模式，推進團以上作戰部隊戰備值班系統綜合整治，以常態化運行的體制機制保證戰備工作落實，形成各戰略方向銜接、多兵種聯合、作戰保障配套的戰備力量體系布局，始終保持迅即能動和有效應對的良好狀態。海軍部隊的日常戰備，以維護國家領土主權和海洋權益為重點，按照高效用兵、體系巡邏、全域監控的原則，組織和實施常態化戰備巡邏，在相關海域保持軍事存在。各艦隊常年保持必要數量艦艇在轄區內巡邏，加強航空兵偵察巡邏，并根據需要組織機動兵力在相關海域巡邏警戒。空軍部隊的日常戰備，以國土防空為重點，堅持平戰一體、全域反應、全疆到達的原則，保持靈敏高效的戰備狀態。組織常態化空中警戒巡邏，及時查證異常不明空情。空軍指揮警戒值班系統以空軍指揮所為核心，部隊指揮所為基礎，以航空兵、地面防空兵等戰斗值班兵力為支撐。

The routine combat readiness work of the PLAA serves to maintain normal order in border areas and protect national development achievements. Relying on the operational command organs and command information system, it strengthens the integration of combat readiness duty elements, explores joint duty probability within a theater, and optimizes the combat readiness duty system in operational troops at and above the regiment level. It ensures the implementation of combat readiness work through institutionalized systems and mechanisms. It creates a combat readiness system with inter-connected strategic directions, combined arms and systematized operational support. Thus, the PLAA keeps sound combat readiness with agile maneuvers and effective response. The routine combat readiness work of the PLAN serves to safeguard national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests. It carries out diversified patrols and provides whole-area surveillance in a cost-effective way. The PLAN organizes and performs regular combat readiness patrols, and maintains a military presence in relevant sea areas. All fleets maintain the necessary number of ships patrolling in areas under their respective command, beef up naval aviation reconnaissance patrols, and organize mobile forces to conduct patrols and surveillance in relevant sea areas, as required. The PLAAF focuses its daily combat readiness on territorial air defense. It follows the principles of applicability in both peacetime and wartime, all-dimension response and full territorial reach, and maintains a vigilant and efficient combat readiness. It organizes air alert patrols on a regular basis to verify abnormal and unidentified air situations promptly. The PLAAF command alert system takes PLAAF command posts as the core, field command posts as the basis, and aviation and ground air defense forces on combat duty as the pillar.

第二炮兵平時保持適度戒備狀態，按照平戰結合、常備不懈、隨時能戰的原則，加強戰備配套建設，構建要素集成、功能完備、靈敏高效的作戰值班體系，確保部隊應急反應迅速，有效應對戰爭威脅和突發事件。在國家受到核威脅時，核導彈部隊根據中央軍委命令，提升戒備狀態，做好核反擊準備，懾止敵人對中國使用核武器；在國家遭受核襲擊時，使用導彈核武器，獨立或聯合其他軍種核力量，對敵實施堅決反擊。常規導彈部隊能夠快速完成平戰轉換，遂行常規中遠程精確打擊任務。

The routine combat readiness work of the PLAA serves to maintain normal order in border areas and protect national development achievements. Relying on the operational command organs and command information system, it strengthens the integration of combat readiness duty elements, explores joint duty probability within a theater, and optimizes the combat readiness duty system in operational troops at and above the regiment level. It ensures the implementation of combat readiness work through institutionalized systems and mechanisms. It creates a combat readiness system with inter-connected strategic directions, combined arms and systematized operational support. Thus, the PLAA keeps sound combat readiness with agile maneuvers and effective response. The routine combat readiness work of the PLAN serves to safeguard national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests. It carries out diversified patrols and provides whole-area surveillance in a cost-effective way. The PLAN organizes and performs regular combat readiness patrols, and maintains a military presence in relevant sea areas. All fleets maintain the necessary number of ships patrolling in areas under their respective command, beef up naval aviation reconnaissance patrols, and organize mobile forces to conduct patrols and surveillance in relevant sea areas, as required. The PLAAF focuses its daily combat readiness on territorial air defense. It follows the principles of applicability in both peacetime and wartime, all-dimension response and full territorial reach, and maintains a vigilant and efficient combat readiness. It organizes air alert patrols on a regular basis to verify abnormal and unidentified air situations promptly. The PLAAF command alert system takes PLAAF command posts as the core, field command posts as the basis, and aviation and ground air defense forces on combat duty as the pillar.

開展實戰化演習演練

Carrying out Scenario-based Exercises and Drills

人民解放軍堅持把開展實戰化演習演練作為推進軍事訓練轉變、提高部隊實戰能力的重要抓手，注重將信息主導、體系對抗、精確作戰、融合集成、聯合制勝等信息化條件下作戰理念廣泛融入訓練實踐，按實戰要求、戰時編組和作戰流程組織演練，突出指揮對抗訓練、實兵自主對抗訓練和復雜戰場環境下訓練，全面提高部隊基于信息系統的體系作戰能力。

The PLA takes scenario-based exercises and drills as the basic means to accelerate the transition in military training and raise combat capabilities. It widely practices in training such operational concepts in conditions of informationization as information dominance, confrontation between different systems, precision strike, fusion, integration and jointness. It organizes training based on real combat needs, formations and procedures. It pays special attention to confrontational command training, live independent force-on-force training and training in complex battlefield environments. Thus, the warfighting capabilities based on information systems have been thoroughly improved.

開展跨區訓練。為提高部隊快速反應能力和在陌生環境、復雜條件下聯合作戰能力，依托合同戰術訓練基地，組織任務相近、類型相同和未來作戰環境相似的師旅部隊，以實兵檢驗性演習的方式開展一系列跨區機動演習演練。２００９年，組織沈陽、蘭州、濟南和廣州軍區各１個師進行遠程機動和對抗性演練。２０１０年開始，組織“使命行動”系列戰役層次跨區機動演習演練。其中，２０１０年組織北京、蘭州、成都軍區各１個集團軍首長機關帶１個師（旅）以及空軍部分兵力參演，２０１１年組織成都、濟南軍區帶有關部隊赴高原地區演練，２０１２年組織成都、濟南、蘭州軍區和空軍有關部隊赴西南地區演練。

Carrying out trans-MAC training. To develop rapid-response and joint-operation capabilities in unfamiliar environments and complex conditions, the divisions and brigades of the same specialty with similar tasks and tailored operational environments are organized to carry out a series of trans-MAC live verification-oriented exercises and drills in the combined tactical training bases. In 2009, the Shenyang, Lanzhou, Jinan and Guangzhou MACs each sent one division to join long-distance maneuvers and confrontational drills. Since 2010, a series of campaign-level exercises and drills code-named "Mission Action" for trans-MAC maneuvers have been carried out. Specifically, in 2010 the Beijing, Lanzhou and Chengdu MACs each sent one division (brigade) led by corps headquarters, together with some PLAAF units, to participate in the exercise. In 2011, relevant troops from the Chengdu and Jinan MACs were organized and carried out the exercise in plateau areas. In 2012, the Chengdu, Jinan and Lanzhou MACs and relevant PLAAF troops were organized and carried out the exercise in southwestern China.

突出對抗訓練。各軍兵種強化對抗性檢驗性演習演練，組織實兵對抗、網上對抗和計算機模擬對抗等演習，增強訓練的針對性、實效性。空軍依托訓練基地構設復雜戰場環境，組織軍區空軍之間、軍區空軍與合成“藍軍”部隊之間，開展信息化條件下“紅藍”體系對抗演習。第二炮兵開展復雜戰場環境下偵察與反偵察、干擾與防干擾、精確打擊與防護反擊的對抗性訓練，加強核生化武器威脅條件下安全防護和操作技能訓練，每年安排多種型號導彈部隊執行實彈發射任務。

Highlighting force-on-force training. The various services and arms are intensifying confrontational and verification-oriented exercises and drills. Based on different scenarios, they organize live force-on-force exercises, online confrontational exercises and computer-simulation confrontational exercises. The PLAAF creates complex battlefield environments based on its training bases, organizes confrontational exercises on "Red-Blue" war systems under informationized conditions, either between MAC air forces or between a combined "Blue Team" and MAC air force ("Red Team"). The Second Artillery Forces carry out confrontational training of reconnaissance vs. counter-reconnaissance, jamming vs. counter-jamming, and precision strikes vs. protection and counterattack, in complex battlefield environments. They are strengthening safety protection and operational skills training under nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) threats. Units of different missile types are organized to conduct live-firing launching tasks annually.

拓展遠海訓練。海軍探索遠海作戰任務編組訓練模式，組織由新型驅護艦、遠洋綜合補給艦和艦載直升機混合編成的遠海作戰編隊編組訓練，深化復雜戰場環境下使命課題研練，突出遠程預警及綜合控制、遠海攔截、遠程奔襲、大洋反潛、遠洋護航等重點內容訓練。通過遠海訓練組織帶動沿海有關部隊進行防空、反潛、反水雷、反恐怖、反海盜、近岸防衛、島礁破襲等對抗性實兵訓練。２００７年以來，在西太平洋共組織遠海訓練近２０批９０多艘次。訓練中采取有效措施應對某些國家軍用艦機的抵近偵察和非法干擾活動。２０１２年４月至９月，“鄭和”號訓練艦進行環球航行訓練，先后訪問及停靠１４個國家和地區。

Intensifying blue water training. The PLAN is improving the training mode of task force formation in blue water. It organizes the training of different formations of combined task forces composed of new types of destroyers, frigates, ocean-going replenishment ships and shipborne helicopters. It is increasing its research and training on tasks in complex battlefield environments, highlighting the training of remote early warning, comprehensive control, open sea interception, long-range raid, anti-submarine warfare and vessel protection at distant sea. The PLAN organizes relevant coastal forces to carry out live force-on-force training for air defense, anti-submarine, anti-mine, anti-terrorism, anti-piracy, coastal defense, and island and reef sabotage raids. Since 2007, the PLAN has conducted training in the distant sea waters of the Western Pacific involving over 90 ships in nearly 20 batches. During the training, the PLAN took effective measures to respond to foreign close-in reconnaissance and illegal interference activities by military ships and aircraft. From April to September 2012, the training vessel Zhenghe completed global-voyage training, paying port calls to 14 countries and regions.