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2008年5月至6月，隨著四川地震的發(fā)生以及南方數(shù)省大范圍的洪澇災(zāi)害，中央和地方政府紛紛啟動(dòng)應(yīng)急預(yù)案，積極應(yīng)對(duì)自然災(zāi)害，組織力量投入到搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)工作中去，以盡可能減少自然災(zāi)害造成的損失和影響。我國的應(yīng)急預(yù)案制度從全國范圍來說開始于2003年一度肆虐的“非典”疫情。2003年7月，國家提出加快突發(fā)公共事件應(yīng)急機(jī)制建設(shè)的重大課題，國務(wù)院辦公廳專門成立“建立突發(fā)公共事件應(yīng)急預(yù)案工作小組”。2006年1月8日，國務(wù)院發(fā)布《國家突發(fā)公共事件總體應(yīng)急預(yù)案》，其中又分設(shè)國家專項(xiàng)應(yīng)急預(yù)案，國務(wù)院部門應(yīng)急預(yù)案和地方應(yīng)急預(yù)案。國家總體應(yīng)急預(yù)案指出：為了提高政府保障公共安全和處置突發(fā)公共事件的能力，最大程度地預(yù)防和減少突發(fā)公共事件及其造成的損害，保障公眾的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全，維護(hù)國家安全和社會(huì)穩(wěn)定，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)全面、協(xié)調(diào)、可持續(xù)發(fā)展，依據(jù)憲法及有關(guān)法律、行政法規(guī)，制定本預(yù)案。本預(yù)案所稱突發(fā)公共事件是指突然發(fā)生，造成或者可能造成重大人員傷亡、財(cái)產(chǎn)損失、生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞和嚴(yán)重社會(huì)危害，危及公共安全的緊急事件。各類突發(fā)公共事件按照其性質(zhì)、嚴(yán)重程度、可控性和影響范圍等因素，一般分為四級(jí)：Ⅰ級(jí)（特別重大）、Ⅱ級(jí)（重大）、Ⅲ級(jí)（較大）和Ⅳ級(jí)（一般）。本預(yù)案適用于涉及跨省級(jí)行政區(qū)劃的，或超出事發(fā)地省級(jí)人民政府處置能力的特別重大突發(fā)公共事件應(yīng)對(duì)工作。本預(yù)案指導(dǎo)全國的突發(fā)公共事件應(yīng)對(duì)工作。

由于各類自然災(zāi)害的不可避免，自從《國家突發(fā)公共事件總體應(yīng)急預(yù)案》出臺(tái)之后，“應(yīng)急預(yù)案”就成了我們經(jīng)常聽說的一個(gè)新聞詞語，成為了我們生活中的一部分。那么，國外是否也有“應(yīng)急預(yù)案”，“應(yīng)急預(yù)案”在英語中是怎么表達(dá)的呢？

查詢有關(guān)資料，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這里的“應(yīng)急”所對(duì)應(yīng)的英語詞匯是contingency，根據(jù)朗文當(dāng)代高級(jí)英語辭典，其釋義為“（可能發(fā)生的）意外事件，不測(cè)事件”（an event or situation that might happen in the future），在該詞條的例證中，contingency plan赫然在目，其意思正是我們所說的“應(yīng)急預(yù)案”，英文釋義稱：a plan that you make in order to deal with a problem that might happen。著名的網(wǎng)絡(luò)百科全書維基百科（Wikipedia）對(duì)contingency plan則提供了更為全面詳細(xì)的解釋如下：A contingency plan is a plan devised for a specific situation when things could go wrong. Contingency plans are often devised by governments or businesses who want to be prepared for anything that could happen. They are sometimes known as "Back-up plans", "Worst-case scenario plans" or "Plan B".從中我們也可以看出，contingency plan還有另外一些替代表達(dá)，而且經(jīng)常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。

查詢到“應(yīng)急預(yù)案”在英語中對(duì)應(yīng)的表達(dá)之后，通過功能強(qiáng)大的搜索引擎GOOGLE，我們很快就可以找到許多相關(guān)表達(dá)，由此也可以看出，contingency plan乃是一個(gè)國際通用的說法，如在http://www.business-continuity-world.com網(wǎng)站上就有關(guān)于Business Continuity, Contingency Planning & Disaster Recovery的介紹，而英國的一個(gè)域名為http://www.contingency-planning-disaster-recovery-guide.co.uk的網(wǎng)站則提供了一個(gè)應(yīng)急預(yù)案指南（CONTINGENCY PLANNING AND DISASTER RECOVERY GUIDE），詳細(xì)介紹了各類突發(fā)事件的應(yīng)對(duì)措施及方案。另外，英國的一個(gè)名為http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/control/contingency/exotic.htm網(wǎng)站則介紹了如何應(yīng)對(duì)來自境外的動(dòng)物傳染病的應(yīng)急預(yù)案（Disease control: Contingency Plan for Exotic Animal Diseases），根據(jù)該網(wǎng)站，這些動(dòng)物傳染病包括口蹄疫（Foot and Mouth Disease），禽流感（Avian Influenza）和狂犬病（Rabies）和藍(lán)舌病（Bluetongue）等。此外，contingency plan不僅應(yīng)用于應(yīng)對(duì)自然災(zāi)害，而且還用于國際關(guān)系領(lǐng)域，如新華網(wǎng)2007年1月5日就發(fā)表了一篇新聞報(bào)道，就日美應(yīng)急預(yù)案表示了關(guān)注：

China says Japan-U.S. contingency plan should adhere to one-China principle

China on Thursday said a contingency plan made by Japan and the United States for a possible military conflict across the Taiwan Strait should follow the one-China principle.

Contingency plan用于國際關(guān)系領(lǐng)域的其他例證還有很多，如：（標(biāo)題）Gulf countries adopt oil export contingency plan（導(dǎo)語）DUBAI: Faced with the standoff between the United States and Iran, the six Gulf countries have adopted a contingency plan to make up for the possible closure of two exit points from where most of their oil supplies pass. 又如：（標(biāo)題）U.S. developing contingency plan to bomb Iran，（正文）Still, the Pentagon is continuing intensive planning for a possible bombing attack on Iran, a process that began last year, at the direction of the President. In recent months, the former intelligence official told me, a special planning group has been established in the offices of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, charged with creating a contingency bombing plan for Iran that can be implemented, upon orders from the President, within twenty-four hours.

在我國官方英文媒體中，contingency plan也經(jīng)常會(huì)被使用到，如新華網(wǎng)（Xinhuanet）2005年9月28日刊發(fā)了一篇關(guān)于啟動(dòng)預(yù)防全國流行性感冒應(yīng)急預(yù)案的報(bào)道，其標(biāo)題和導(dǎo)語如下：

China launches flu pandemic contingency plan

BEIJING, Sept. 28 (Xinhuanet) -- China's Ministry of Health (MOH) on Wednesday launched a contingency plan for enhancing national readiness against a possible outbreak of pandemic influenza.

2008年5月23日，在四川大地震搜救工作基本結(jié)束之后，國家有關(guān)部門指出，為了確保災(zāi)區(qū)飲水安全，政府已啟動(dòng)應(yīng)急預(yù)案，該新聞報(bào)道的標(biāo)題和導(dǎo)語分別如下：

Water Security Contingency Plan made

Beijing, May 23 --Wu Xiaoqing, vice minister of the PRC Ministry of Environment Protection said at today’s press conference that the next main task facing them is to ensure the water security in quake-hit areas, including disposal of livestock and poultry corpse, and that a water security contingency plan has been made by MEP, China News Agency reported.

又如，為了確保2008北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)順利進(jìn)行，中國政府提前制定了各類應(yīng)急預(yù)案，其中包括應(yīng)對(duì)可能發(fā)生的惡劣天氣的應(yīng)急預(yù)案，新華網(wǎng)為此在2007年11月8日有報(bào)道如下：

Official: contingency plans in place for bad weather

BEIJING, Nov. 7 (Xinhua) -- Organizers of next year's Olympic Games have worked out contingency plans to deal with possible bad weather during the world's prime sporting event, an official said.

一篇關(guān)于國際奧委會(huì)官員在對(duì)北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)準(zhǔn)備工作視察之后表示滿意的新聞報(bào)道（IOC satisfied with renewed assurances from Beijing organizers）中則提到了國際奧委會(huì)官員對(duì)于環(huán)境應(yīng)急預(yù)案的滿意：Commenting at the conclusion of the meetings, Coordination Commission Chairman Hein Verbruggen said: "BOCOG is progressing well with all of its operations and we are confident that our Chinese friends will put on great Games for the athletes of the world. The IOC noted an increased level of support from the government authorities for the Organising Committee, which will undoubtedly help reinforce BOCOG's excellent work. We were satisfied by the assurances we received across a number of areas -- media service levels, including internet access, brand protection, environmental contingency plans for improved air quality, and the live broadcast feed.

由于“應(yīng)急預(yù)案”就是專門針對(duì)各類自然災(zāi)害的，而自然災(zāi)害的種類繁多，因此，contingency plan又會(huì)出現(xiàn)在不同的組合之中，“地震應(yīng)急預(yù)案”就是contingency plan for earthquake,通過GOOGLE搜索發(fā)現(xiàn)，我國香港特別行政區(qū)政府的一個(gè)網(wǎng)站http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/equake/contingency_e.htm就專門談到了地震應(yīng)急預(yù)案，明確指出The Government's Contingency Plan for Natural Disasters would be able to cope with major natural disasters including earthquakes. “防汛應(yīng)急預(yù)案”就叫做flood contingency plan,“消防應(yīng)急預(yù)案”就是fire fighting contingency plans，“安全應(yīng)急預(yù)案”就是security contingency plan，依此類推，“火災(zāi)應(yīng)急預(yù)案”就是fire contingency plan，“重大突發(fā)實(shí)踐應(yīng)急預(yù)案”就是contingency plan for major emergencies，“自然災(zāi)害應(yīng)急預(yù)案”就是contingency plan for natural disasters。

另外，從上述多個(gè)例證來看，contingency plan的動(dòng)詞性搭配詞語常用的為launch, adopt, make, create, prepare, work out等等。掌握正確的詞語搭配是提高語言表達(dá)能力的一個(gè)有效途徑，在我國的英語學(xué)習(xí)中，不少學(xué)習(xí)者的英語語言能力欠佳，其中的一個(gè)因素就是不懂得詞語之間存在著固定搭配，違背這樣的搭配原則，由此而來的問題不僅是語法錯(cuò)誤，表達(dá)不夠地道，而且還嚴(yán)重妨礙了交際的實(shí)現(xiàn)，從而使得外語學(xué)習(xí)失去了其實(shí)質(zhì)的目的。