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作者：王銀泉  

與美國著名時(shí)事新聞雜志《時(shí)代》周刊每年年底評(píng)選出的年度風(fēng)云人物(man of the year)異曲同工的是，美國方言學(xué)會(huì)（American Dialect Society）也會(huì)在歲末年初評(píng)選出其年度詞匯(word of the year)，在其2008年1月4日舉行的2007年度大會(huì)上評(píng)選出來的年度詞匯是Subprime。請(qǐng)看以下新聞報(bào)道：

‘Subprime’ is linguists' word of year

By SOPHIA TAREEN, Associated Press Writer

Sat Jan 5, 7:56 AM ET

CHICAGO - Even the American Dialect Society knows how risky home mortgages are these days. The group of wordsmiths chose "subprime" as 2007's Word of the Year at its annual convention Friday.

"`Subprime' has been around with bankers for awhile, but now everyone is talking about `subprime,'" said Wayne Glowka, a spokesman for the group and a dean at Reinhardt College in Waleska, Ga. "It's affecting all kinds of people in all kinds of places."

從上文不難看出，Subprime表示的是高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的家庭抵押貸款（risky home mortgages）。這是一個(gè)在當(dāng)前辭典上尚未收錄的單詞，也是運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞原則創(chuàng)造出來的一個(gè)新單詞，讓人感覺有點(diǎn)怪怪的。美國方言學(xué)會(huì)的發(fā)言人Glowka說，“subprime”這個(gè)詞有些怪——至少在語言學(xué)家們看來是這樣（As for "subprime," Glowka said it is an odd word — at least as far as linguists are concerned.）根據(jù)外研社出版的《朗曼當(dāng)代高級(jí)英語辭典》，從構(gòu)詞法原理來說，sub這個(gè)前綴在這里表示的意思是“在重要性和級(jí)別方面次于……或低于……”（less important or powerful than someone or something, or of lower rank than someone）。美國方言學(xué)會(huì)也是這么解釋的：The prefix "sub" translates roughly to "below the standard," while "prime" means something close to "the best." So, according to Glowka, the word really means "far below the best."（前綴“sub-”的大致含義為“不達(dá)標(biāo)”；而“prime”則表示“最好”。所以，兩部分意思合在一起其實(shí)應(yīng)該是“遠(yuǎn)沒達(dá)到最好”。）

Subprime最近在英語世界、尤其是美國英語中已成為熱門詞匯，光是在Yahoo News Only中搜索的新聞報(bào)道結(jié)果就顯示相關(guān)頁面多達(dá)3,294個(gè)，在GOOGLE搜索到的結(jié)果更是多達(dá)幾十萬個(gè)，其主要詞匯搭配是subprime mortgage(次級(jí)抵押貸款)。那么，什么是次級(jí)抵押貸款呢？其實(shí)說白了就是指風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的抵押貸款。要了解這個(gè)單詞，首先必須了解美國的房貸市場(chǎng)。對(duì)于購房者來說，除了少量手頭資金充裕者，大多數(shù)人是要通過貸款的，而這類貸款主要由兩種金融機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)作。對(duì)于信用記錄好，還貸能力健全的貸款者，他們的貸款通常由銀行來運(yùn)作，他們可以享受優(yōu)惠利率(prime rate)，他們的貸款也就被稱之為prime mortgage。美國銀行大多不發(fā)行次級(jí)房貸，因此，對(duì)于信用不佳或者背負(fù)債務(wù)包袱的購房者，他們的貸款通常由專門的房貸公司運(yùn)作，這種貸款就叫做“次級(jí)抵押貸款”。也就是說，次級(jí)抵押貸款是指一些貸款機(jī)構(gòu)向信用程度較差和收入不高的借款人提供的貸款，也就是銀行或貸款機(jī)構(gòu)提供給那些不具備資格享受優(yōu)惠利率貸款的客戶的一種貸款。這種貸款的利率通常比一般抵押貸款高出兩個(gè)百分點(diǎn)到三個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。美國的次級(jí)抵押貸款大多是前幾年住房市場(chǎng)高度繁榮時(shí)貸出的。在住房市場(chǎng)降溫后，房?jī)r(jià)下跌和利率上升使很多次級(jí)抵押貸款市場(chǎng)的借款人無法按期償還借款，不少次級(jí)抵押貸款機(jī)構(gòu)因此陷入嚴(yán)重財(cái)務(wù)困難，甚至破產(chǎn)，由此而來的結(jié)果就是“次級(jí)抵押貸款危機(jī)”（subprime mortgage crisis）。

如果光憑上述解釋，也許還不足于說明為何subprime這個(gè)最新創(chuàng)造出來的單詞會(huì)成為年度詞匯。那是因?yàn)槊绹罱霈F(xiàn)的“次級(jí)抵押貸款危機(jī)”已經(jīng)對(duì)本國經(jīng)濟(jì)乃至全球經(jīng)濟(jì)造成了極其嚴(yán)重的影響。2007年8月，由于投資者對(duì)美國次級(jí)抵押貸款市場(chǎng)乃至整個(gè)信貸市場(chǎng)擔(dān)憂加劇，美國、歐洲及拉美主要股市全線暴跌，創(chuàng)下了今年的第二大跌幅，亞太地區(qū)主要股市開盤后也是跌聲一片。在此之后，美國次級(jí)抵押貸款市場(chǎng)危機(jī)影響呈現(xiàn)擴(kuò)大態(tài)勢(shì)，美歐以及亞洲金融市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)較大波動(dòng)。美、歐、日等主要發(fā)達(dá)經(jīng)濟(jì)體貨幣當(dāng)局向金融系統(tǒng)注入巨資，以應(yīng)對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一場(chǎng)愈益嚴(yán)重的美國次級(jí)房貸危機(jī)正向全球金融市場(chǎng)深度蔓延，不僅包括法國、德國在內(nèi)的一些歐洲國家受到傳染；亞太國家和地區(qū)包括中國大陸的一些銀行也未能幸免。這種情況不由得也讓語言學(xué)家十分敏感了。

既然subprime已經(jīng)變得如此熱門，作為英語學(xué)習(xí)者，我們就有理由及時(shí)去多多了解它的相關(guān)用法，以便更好地學(xué)習(xí)英語，提高語言應(yīng)用能力。在此，我們不妨看看從英語媒體里隨機(jī)選擇的一些最新相關(guān)新聞報(bào)道的標(biāo)語和導(dǎo)語中subprime的使用以及相關(guān)搭配詞語，從原汁原味的英語中學(xué)習(xí)英語。

1．New York probes Wall St. banks over subprime data: report

Reuters via Yahoo! News - Jan 12 2:19 PM

New York prosecutors are investigating whether Wall Street banks withheld information about the risks stemming from subprime loan-linked investments, The New York Times reported on Saturday.

2．Cleveland Sues 21 Lenders Over Subprime Mortgages

NYTimes.com via Yahoo! Finance - Jan 12 1:39 PM

The city is suing 21 of the nation’s largest banks and financial institutions, accusing them of knowingly plunging it into a financial crisis.

3．Bank M&A heats up amid subprime fallout

AP via Yahoo! News - Jan 12 1:51 AM

The bank branch on the corner might be changing names — again. Get set for the next wave of consolidation that could sweep through the nation's banking industry this year. Chief executives at some of the top regional players might be mulling deals to salvage businesses pummeled by the subprime mortgage market's collapse.

4．Stocks open lower amid subprime concerns

AP via Yahoo! News - Jan 11 6:36 AM

Stocks slid in early trading Friday amid renewed fears that financial companies will suffer larger-than-expected writedowns from credit market troubles.

5．Subprime woes make a mess of student loans

CNNMoney.com via Yahoo! Finance - Jan 11 12:51 PM

Students relying on college loans will soon feel the pinch from the subprime mortgage crisis, according to a report by financial aid guide FinAid this week.

6．Stocks slide amid subprime woes

AP via Yahoo! News - Jan 11 9:32 AM

Stocks resumed their downward slide Friday amid renewed fears that the financial sector's troubles with bad credit won't soon end and that some consumers are buckling under signs of a slowing economy.

7．O'Melveny's $12 Million Cash Cow: New Century Subprime Lending Case

Law.com via Yahoo! Finance - Jan 11 12:02 AM

At O'Melveny & Myers, the white-collar lawyers representing bankrupt subprime lender New Century Financial Corp. had a busy -- and lucrative -- September. Faced with subpoenas from both the Justice Department and the SEC, the firm's government investigations team billed more than 4,000 hours that month.

8．Citi, Merrill look overseas to raise capital amid continued subprime losses

The Canadian Press via Yahoo! Canada News - Jan 10 2:49 PM

NEW YORK - Two of the biggest names on Wall Street are scrambling again to secure major cash infusions from foreign governments to offset billions of dollars in losses from risky subprime mortgage securities, analysts said on Thursday.