二、婦女與經(jīng)濟(jì)
II. Women and the Economy

平等參與經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)和公平享有經(jīng)濟(jì)資源是婦女生存發(fā)展的基本條件。中國(guó)在推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)戰(zhàn)略性調(diào)整和轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式的改革創(chuàng)新中，充分保障婦女經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)益，促進(jìn)婦女平等參與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、平等享有改革發(fā)展成果。
Equal participation in economic activities and equitable access to economic resources are the basic conditions for the well-being and development of women. While pressing forward with a strategic adjustment of its economic structure and reform and innovation of its growth model, China fully protects the economic interests of women, promoting women's equal participation in economic development and equal access to the fruits of reform and development.

婦女貧困狀況顯著改善。中國(guó)在實(shí)施全方位扶貧戰(zhàn)略中，統(tǒng)籌考慮城鎮(zhèn)化、老齡化、市場(chǎng)化及氣候變化等因素對(duì)婦女貧困的影響，加大婦女扶貧脫貧力度。實(shí)施中國(guó)農(nóng)村扶貧開(kāi)發(fā)綱要，將婦女作為重點(diǎn)扶貧群體，同等條件下優(yōu)先安排婦女扶貧項(xiàng)目，不斷提升貧困婦女的發(fā)展能力和受益水平。貧困婦女?dāng)?shù)量大幅減少，婦女貧困程度不斷降低。在592個(gè)國(guó)家扶貧開(kāi)發(fā)工作重點(diǎn)縣，女性人口的貧困發(fā)生率從2005年的20.3%下降到2010年的9.8%。建立完善新型社會(huì)救助體系，加大對(duì)貧困婦女的保障力度。2014年，婦女享受城鄉(xiāng)居民最低生活保障的人數(shù)分別為792萬(wàn)人和1826萬(wàn)人，比2006年分別增加了200萬(wàn)人和1591萬(wàn)人。積極開(kāi)展“貧困母親兩癌救助”“母親安居工程”“母親健康快車”等公益慈善項(xiàng)目，幫助患病貧困婦女、貧困單親母親改善生存與發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。
Significant progress has been made in alleviating poverty among women. During the implementation of comprehensive poverty reduction strategies, China has given overall consideration to the impact of urbanization, aging, climate change and other social and market factors on poverty among women, and strengthened efforts to address such poverty. China has implemented a program for poverty alleviation through development in rural areas, making women a key focus of attention and giving priority to poverty alleviation projects for women when all other conditions are equal, striving to improve the development capacity of women and bringing more benefits to them as a group. The number of impoverished women has dropped by an enormous margin, and the severity of poverty of women has been continuously alleviated. In the 592 poorest counties which are made the main targets of national poverty alleviation and development work, the poverty rate of the female population decreased from 20.3 percent in 2005 to 9.8 percent in 2010. The state has established a new-model social relief system, increasing efforts to protect impoverished women. In 2014, the numbers of women covered by subsistence allowances for urban and rural residents were 7.92 million and 18.26 million respectively, increasing by 2 million and 15.91 million, as compared to 2006. The state has actively implemented a number of public welfare and charity programs for impoverished mothers, such as the program of relief for mothers suffering from breast cancer and cervical cancer, the comfortable housing project for impoverished rural single mothers, and the mother health express program, bringing help to sick women, poor single mothers and various other groups of mothers in need.

保障婦女的平等就業(yè)權(quán)利。就業(yè)是民生之本。國(guó)家制定和完善法律法規(guī)，促進(jìn)公平就業(yè)，消除就業(yè)性別歧視。《中華人民共和國(guó)就業(yè)促進(jìn)法》專設(shè)“公平就業(yè)”一章，強(qiáng)調(diào)男女平等就業(yè)權(quán)利。《中華人民共和國(guó)勞動(dòng)合同法》對(duì)企業(yè)訂立女職工權(quán)益保護(hù)專項(xiàng)集體合同作出明確規(guī)定，為保障女職工合法權(quán)益提供了法律依據(jù)。制定、修訂和實(shí)施《女職工勞動(dòng)保護(hù)特別規(guī)定》、機(jī)關(guān)事業(yè)單位處級(jí)干部和高級(jí)職稱專業(yè)技術(shù)人員男女同齡退休、支持女性科技人才成長(zhǎng)及促進(jìn)女大學(xué)生平等就業(yè)等一系列法規(guī)、政策及措施，為婦女就業(yè)和職業(yè)發(fā)展創(chuàng)造有利條件。
The state ensures equal employment right for women. Employment has a vital bearing on people's quality of life. The state has promulgated and improved laws and regulations to promote fair employment and eliminate gender discrimination in employment. The Employment Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China has a chapter specially dealing with fair employment, emphasizing gender equality in employment right. The Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China has clear provisions under which businesses are required to create collective contracts for protecting female workers'rights and interests, providing a legal basis for protecting the legitimate rights and interests of female workers. To create favorable conditions for women's employment and career development, the state has also developed, amended and implemented the Special Regulations on Labor Protection of Female Employees, along with policies that enable women in positions as middle-ranking officials, senior professionals and technicians at state organs and public institutions to retire at the same age as their male counterparts, and policies to facilitate the growth of female scientists and promote equal employment opportunities for female college graduates.

促進(jìn)婦女就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)。國(guó)家針對(duì)不同婦女群體就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)中面臨的困難，出臺(tái)支持性政策措施。實(shí)施鼓勵(lì)婦女就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)的小額擔(dān)保貸款財(cái)政貼息政策，2009年以來(lái)向婦女發(fā)放小額貼息貸款2220.6億元人民幣，扶植和帶動(dòng)千萬(wàn)婦女創(chuàng)業(yè)就業(yè)。大力發(fā)展家政服務(wù)和手工編織等行業(yè)，為城鄉(xiāng)婦女就地就近和轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)提供服務(wù)。開(kāi)展女大學(xué)生就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)扶持行動(dòng)，為女大學(xué)生提供就業(yè)培訓(xùn)、創(chuàng)業(yè)指導(dǎo)、見(jiàn)習(xí)崗位。實(shí)施“陽(yáng)光工程”，提高農(nóng)村女性勞動(dòng)力素質(zhì)和就業(yè)技能，為促進(jìn)農(nóng)村女性勞動(dòng)力向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)和城鎮(zhèn)轉(zhuǎn)移創(chuàng)造條件。全國(guó)共建立20多萬(wàn)所“婦女學(xué)校”，近2億人次婦女參加農(nóng)業(yè)新技術(shù)、新品種培訓(xùn)，150萬(wàn)名婦女獲得農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)員職稱和綠色證書，創(chuàng)辦5.3萬(wàn)個(gè)婦女專業(yè)合作組織。自2011年啟動(dòng)“城鎮(zhèn)百萬(wàn)殘疾人就業(yè)工程”以來(lái)，每年新增殘疾婦女就業(yè)約10萬(wàn)人。
The state helps women who are seeking employment and starting businesses. The state has introduced supportive policies and measures to address the difficulties of women in seeking employment and starting businesses. To engage women in employment and entrepreneurship, the state has introduced the small-sum guaranteed loan with financial discount. Since 2009, a total of 222.06 billion yuan has been issued in small discount loans to women, helping millions of women with their new businesses and careers. The state vigorously promotes the development of housekeeping services in urban areas and handicrafts, such as weaving and knitting, in rural areas, in order that women in cities and countryside can find employment locally and close to their homes, and also to promote employment transfer. It supports female college graduates in seeking employment and starting businesses, providing training in employment, guidance in starting businesses and internship opportunities, and it has implemented the Sunshine Project, improving the quality and skills of the rural female workforce and creating conditions to promote the transfer of rural female workforce to non-agricultural sectors and urban areas. There are now more than 200,000 training schools for women nationwide, providing training sessions to a total of nearly 200 million women in new agricultural technologies and new crop species. A total of 1.5 million women have obtained titles and qualifications as agricultural technicians, and 53,000 women's professional cooperatives have been founded. Following the launch of an employment promotion project for the disabled in urban areas in 2011, about 100,000 disabled women have joined the workforce each year.

婦女就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)不斷改善。2013年，全國(guó)女性就業(yè)人數(shù)為34640萬(wàn)，占就業(yè)總數(shù)的45%。最新一期中國(guó)婦女社會(huì)地位調(diào)查顯示，婦女從事第二、第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的比例比10年前提高了25個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，各類負(fù)責(zé)人、專業(yè)技術(shù)人員、辦事人員及有關(guān)人員所占比例較10年前提高了13個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。2013年女性中高級(jí)專業(yè)技術(shù)人員達(dá)到661萬(wàn)人，占中高級(jí)專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的44.1%，比2000年提高了9個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。中國(guó)女企業(yè)家群體不斷壯大，女企業(yè)家約占企業(yè)家總數(shù)的四分之一。實(shí)施“創(chuàng)業(yè)創(chuàng)新巾幗行動(dòng)”，促進(jìn)女性在新興產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)領(lǐng)域創(chuàng)業(yè)者中女性占55%。
The state improves the employment structure for women. In 2013, the total number of women employed nationwide was 346.4 million, accounting for 45 percent of the total employed population. The latest survey of the social status of Chinese women shows that women in secondary and tertiary industries grew by 25 percentage points in comparison with 10 years ago, and that female heads of various departments, professional and technical personnel, and clerical and related personnel increased by 13 percentage points. In 2013, the number of middle-ranking and senior female professional and technical personnel reached 6.61 million, or 44.1 percent of the total in this category, an increase of 9 percentage points from that of 2000. The number of female entrepreneurs keeps growing, now accounting for one quarter of the total number of entrepreneurs in China. The government has initiated an action plan to promote entrepreneurship and innovation among women, encouraging women to seek employment in emerging industries. About 55 percent of new Internet businesses are being founded by women.

保障農(nóng)村婦女的土地權(quán)益。中國(guó)是一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)大國(guó)，農(nóng)村婦女約占農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力的70%。在全面深化農(nóng)村改革和推進(jìn)基層依法自治的過(guò)程中，國(guó)家落實(shí)和完善保障農(nóng)村婦女土地權(quán)益的法律政策，建立健全農(nóng)村集體資金、資產(chǎn)、資源管理等各項(xiàng)制度，糾正與法律政策規(guī)定、性別平等原則相沖突的村規(guī)民約，確保農(nóng)村婦女平等享有土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)、宅基地使用權(quán)和集體收益分配權(quán)。在土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)確權(quán)登記頒證工作中，明確登記簿和確權(quán)證上應(yīng)體現(xiàn)婦女的土地權(quán)益，從源頭上保障農(nóng)村婦女的生存發(fā)展資源。
The state protects the rights and interests of rural women in relation to land. China is a large agricultural country, and women living in rural areas account for about 70 percent of the total agricultural labor force. While forging ahead with deeper all-round reform and promoting village-level self-government in rural areas, the state has implemented and improved laws and policies on protecting the land rights of women in rural areas, established various systems for managing rural collective funds, assets and resources, corrected any village regulations and folk conventions for villagers that are in conflict with statutory regulations and the principle of gender equality, so as to ensure that women in rural areas enjoy equal rights of land contract and management, use of homesteads and distribution of collective income. In the verification, registration and certification of land contract and management rights, it is clearly ruled that women's rights and interests in relation to land must be given expression to in the registration book and land right certificate, so that women in rural areas are ensured access to the resources necessary for survival and development at source.

提高婦女社會(huì)保障水平。《中華人民共和國(guó)社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)法》把生育保險(xiǎn)作為獨(dú)立章節(jié)，明確規(guī)定婦女平等享有社會(huì)保障的權(quán)利。《中國(guó)婦女發(fā)展綱要(2011-2020年)》增設(shè)“婦女與社會(huì)保障”領(lǐng)域，提出婦女平等享有社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)、社會(huì)救濟(jì)、社會(huì)福利和社會(huì)救助的主要目標(biāo)和策略措施。婦女參加養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)、工傷保險(xiǎn)和生育保險(xiǎn)人數(shù)不斷增加。2013年，婦女參加城鎮(zhèn)職工養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)、城鎮(zhèn)職工醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)的人數(shù)分別達(dá)到14612萬(wàn)和12657萬(wàn)，比2005年分別增加了6743萬(wàn)和7282萬(wàn)；婦女參加生育保險(xiǎn)人數(shù)達(dá)到7117萬(wàn)，比2005年增加了4844萬(wàn)。2012年4月《女職工勞動(dòng)保護(hù)特別規(guī)定》頒布實(shí)施，法定產(chǎn)假時(shí)間由原來(lái)的90天延長(zhǎng)到98天，婦女享有生育保障的待遇不斷提高。
The state improves the level of social security for women. The Social Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China has a separate chapter for maternity insurance, clearly stipulating that women equally enjoy social security rights. In the Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020), a section titled "Women and Social Security" was added, defining the main goals, policies, and measures to enable women to enjoy equal access to social insurance, relief, welfare and assistance. The number of women participating in old-age insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, industrial injury insurance, and maternity insurance keeps rising. In 2013, the numbers of women covered by old-age insurance and medical insurance for urban workers reached 146.12 million and 126.57 million, growing by 67.43 million and 72.82 million as compared to the figures in 2005, and the number of women participating in maternity insurance reached 71.17 million, an increase of 48.44 million as compared with 2005. In April 2012, the Special Regulations on Labor Protection for Female Employees was promulgated and put into effect, extending statutory maternity leave from 90 days to 98 days and increasing the level of maternity protection for women.