How: there are five principles and seven actions.

怎么做呢？ 有5個(gè)原則和7個(gè)行動(dòng)可以跟隨。

There may be a few more but these are absolutely core.

可能有更多，但這些絕對(duì)是核心部分。

And before I get into those I just want to talk about two myths, dispel two myths.

進(jìn)入這些點(diǎn)之前我想先說說兩個(gè)神話并消除它們。

The first is that you need talent.

第一個(gè)是你需要有天賦。

Let me tell you about Zoe.

讓我跟你們說說關(guān)于佐伊的事情。

Zoe came from Australia, went to Holland, was trying to learn Dutch, struggling a great deal and finally people were saying: ‘you're completely useless,' ‘you're not talented,' ‘give up,' ‘you're a waste of time' and she was very, very depressed.

佐伊是澳大利亞人，她去到荷蘭并嘗試學(xué)習(xí)荷蘭語。她非常掙扎，最后人們跟她說，“沒用的，”“你沒有天賦，”“還是放棄吧，”“你根本就是在浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。”她對(duì)此感到非常沮喪。

And then she came across these five principles, she moved to Brazil and she applied them and within six months she was fluent in Portuguese, so talent doesn't matter.

后來，她無意中發(fā)現(xiàn)了這5個(gè)原則，去了巴西，并把這些原則應(yīng)用到她學(xué)習(xí)葡萄牙語中，6個(gè)月內(nèi)，她可以說流利的葡萄牙語了。因此，天賦不重要。

People also think that immersion in a new country is the way to learn a language.

人們還認(rèn)為學(xué)會(huì)一門外語最好的方式就是到說該門語言的國(guó)家去。

But look around Hong Kong, look at all the westerners who've been here for ten years, who don't speak a word of Chinese.

但是看看在香港已經(jīng)呆了10年的西方人，還是一句中文也不會(huì)說。

Look at all the Chinese living in America, Britain, Australia, Canada who have been there ten, twenty years and they don't speak any English.

看看那些居住在美國(guó)、英國(guó)、澳大利亞、加拿大10年、20年的中國(guó)人，還是不會(huì)一句英文。

Immersion per se doesn't not work, why?

只呆在一個(gè)新的國(guó)家本身是沒有用的。為什么？

Because a drowning man cannot learn to swim.

因?yàn)槟缢娜耸菍W(xué)不會(huì)游泳的。

When you don't speak a language you're like a baby and if you drop yourself into a context which is all adults talking about stuff over your head, you won't learn.

當(dāng)你不能說那種語言，你就像一個(gè)嬰兒，如果你進(jìn)入一個(gè)環(huán)境，那里全部都是成年人在嘰嘰呱呱的說一些你完全聽不明白的話，你還是學(xué)不會(huì)。

So, what are the five principles that you need to pay attention to;

那么，你需要注意的那5個(gè)原則是什么呢？

first: there are four words, attention, meaning, relevance and memory, and these interconnect in very important ways. Especially when you're talking about learning.

首先，有四個(gè)詞，注意力、含義、關(guān)聯(lián)和記憶， 而這些在很多非常重要的方面是相互連接的，特別在你談?wù)搶W(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候。

Come with me on a journey through a forest.

請(qǐng)跟隨我來一趟森林之旅。

You go on a walk through a forest and you see something like this.

你穿越森林，然后你看到一個(gè)像這樣的東西。

Little marks on a tree, maybe you pay attention, maybe you don't.

你可能注意到了樹上的這些小標(biāo)記，可能你沒有注意它們。

You go another fifty metres and you see this.

然后你繼續(xù)向前走50米，你看到了這個(gè)。

You should be paying attention.

你應(yīng)該要注意了。

Another fifty metres, if you haven't been paying attention, you see this.

再50米，如果你還沒注意的話，你會(huì)看到這個(gè)。

And at this point, you're paying attention.

當(dāng)看到這個(gè)的時(shí)候，你就會(huì)注意了。

And you've just learned that this is important, it's relevant because it means this, and anything that is related, any information related to your survival is stuff that you're going to pay attention to and therefore you're going to remember it.

你剛剛學(xué)習(xí)到了這個(gè)是重要的，它與你有重要關(guān)系，因?yàn)樗磉@個(gè)。任何有關(guān)聯(lián)的東西，任何有關(guān)你生存的信息都是值得你注意的，而你給注意力的就會(huì)記住的。

If it's related to your personal goals then you're going to pay attention to it, if it's relevant you're going to remember it.

如果它關(guān)于你個(gè)人目標(biāo)的，那么你就會(huì)注意到它，如果它與你是有關(guān)聯(lián)的，你就會(huì)記住它。

So, the first rule, the first principle for learning a language is focus on language content that is relevant to you.

因此，學(xué)習(xí)一門語言的第一個(gè)原則就是注意那些與你息息相關(guān)的語言內(nèi)容上。

Which brings us to tools.

這就讓我們談到工具。

We master tools by using tools and we learn tools the fastest when they are relevant to us.

我們通過使用工具來掌握工具，而當(dāng)這些工具與我們息息相關(guān)的時(shí)候，我們就可以學(xué)得很快。

So let me share a story.

先讓我分享一個(gè)故事。

A keyboard is a tool.

鍵盤是一個(gè)工具。

Typing Chinese a certain way, there are methods for this. That's a tool.

有不同方法打中文字。這些方法屬于工具的一種。

I had a colleague many years ago who went to night school;

多年前，我有一位同事，她上夜校學(xué)習(xí)中文打字。

Tuesday night, Thursday night, two hours each night, practicing at home, she spent nine months, and she did not learn to type Chinese.

每周二、周四晚上，她都用2個(gè)小時(shí)上課，然后也在家練習(xí)，她花了9個(gè)月的時(shí)間，仍然沒學(xué)會(huì)打中文字。

And one night we had a crisis.

一天晚上，我們有一件緊急的事情。

We had forty eight hours to deliver a training manual in Chinese.

我們有48個(gè)小時(shí)來準(zhǔn)備用中文發(fā)表一本訓(xùn)練手冊(cè)。

And she got the job, and I can guarantee you in forty eight hours, she learned to type Chinese because it was relevant, it was important, it was meaningful, she was using a tool to create value.

她獲得了這個(gè)任務(wù) ，并且我可以像你保證，在48個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)，她學(xué)會(huì)了用中文打字。因?yàn)檫@是相關(guān)的、重要的、有意義的，她在使用一種工具來創(chuàng)造價(jià)值。

So the second tool for learning a language is to use your language as a tool to communicate right from day one. As a kid does.

因此，學(xué)習(xí)一門語言的第二個(gè)工具是從第一天開始，用你的語言作為一種工具來溝通，像一個(gè)孩子那樣做。

When I first arrived in China I didn't speak a word of Chinese, and on my second week I got to take a train ride overnight.

當(dāng)我初次來到中國(guó)，我一句中文都不會(huì)說。第二個(gè)星期我乘坐火車過夜。

I spent eight hours sitting in the dining car talking to one of the guards on the train。He took an interest in me for some reason, and we just chatted all night in Chinese and he was drawing pictures and making movements with his hands and facial expressions and piece by piece by piece I understood more and more.

我花了8個(gè)小時(shí)，坐在餐車，跟一位乘警聊。因?yàn)槟撤N原因，他對(duì)我很感興趣。我們?cè)谀怯弥形牧牧苏梗S著他畫畫、比劃雙手并動(dòng)用他的面部表情，我逐漸地明白越來越多。

But what was really cool, was two weeks later, when people were talking Chinese around me, I was understanding some of this and I hadn't even made any effort to learn that.

但是真正有趣的是，兩個(gè)星期后，當(dāng)人們?cè)谖抑車f中文的時(shí)候，我可以明白一些而且我并沒有為之付出任何努力。

 What had happened

發(fā)生了什么？

 I'd absorbed it that night on the train,

在火車的那晚我已經(jīng)吸收了中文

which brings us to the third principle

也是我們要說的第三個(gè)原則。

When you first understand the message, then you will acquire the language unconsciously.

當(dāng)你已經(jīng)理解溝通的信息含義，接下來你將不知不覺下意識(shí)的獲得該語言。

And this is really, really well documented now, it's something called comprehensible input and there's twenty or thirty years of research on this. Stephen Krashen, a leader in the field has published all sorts of these different studies and this is just from one of them.

而且這是有充足的證據(jù)證明的，我們把它稱之為“可明白輸入”，而這個(gè)概念被研究了了研究二三十年。此領(lǐng)域的佼佼者史蒂夫·克拉申發(fā)布了各類不同的學(xué)術(shù)研究成果，而這些數(shù)據(jù)來自他的一個(gè)報(bào)告。

The purple bars show the scores on different tests for language.

條形圖里面的紫色部分顯示不同語言測(cè)試的成績(jī)。

The purple people were people who had learned by grammar and formal study, the green ones are the ones who learned by comprehensible input.

紫色代表那些通過正式學(xué)習(xí)和學(xué)習(xí)語法的人，綠色的代表那些通過可明白輸入學(xué)習(xí)的人。

So, comprehension works.

因此，可明白意思的輸入是有效的。