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Genital mutilation, also referred to as female circumcision , genital cutting, or excision, is a coming-of-age ritual that signifies a girl's entry into womanhood.

Genital mutilation, also referred to as female circumcision , genital cutting, or excision, is a coming-of-age ritual that signifies a girl's entry into womanhood. It is accompanied by public celebrations and is often a source of pride for the girl. For some it also carries religious significance. Usually performed on girls between the ages of 4 and 12, but also on teenagers, it involves the partial or total excision of the external female genitalia.

It is performed by a female elder using a razor, knife, or piece of glass, usually without anesthetic, while several women hold the girl down. Agonizingly painful, it robs her of sexual pleasure and frequently causes medical problems, including hemorrhaging, infection, urinary incontinence, infertility, and complications in childbirth.

** "We have done it, we do it, and we will continue to do it"

Genital cutting is seen as a way of ensuring that a woman is clean, chaste, and ready for marriage; uncut women are associated with promiscuity and lack of social respectability. Deadening the woman's sexual pleasure is a way of guaranteeing her virginity and fidelity.

Because it is a valued social rite, most girls are willing to succumb to the pain and the subsequent health problems. But whether they wish to be excised or not, the choice is not theirs. Living in a staunchly patriarchal world, they are dependent on men for social and economic survival. As a father from the Ivory Coast told the New York Times," If your daughter has not been excised. . . . No man in the village will marry her. It is an obligation. We have done it, we do it, and we will continue to do it. . . . She has no choice. I decide. Her viewpoint is not important."

** Legislation and media awareness

In 1994, when a 17-year-old girl from Togo sought asylum in the United States to escape genital mutilation, few Americans understood the brutal nature of this ancient and widespread African ritual. Fauziya Kassindja ran away from home the day she would have been forced to undergo ritual genital cutting in preparation for an arranged marriage.

She eventually made her way to the United States, but instead of granting her asylum , immigration officials arrested her for illegal entry and sent her to prison for a year and a half, where she was sometimes shackled and placed in solitary confinement. Although human rights advocates sought her release, the courts found her story "not credible." Only when the media exposed her plight was she freed.

Kassindja's case became a lightning rod for growing legislative and media attention, awakening the nation to a dangerous and painful practice that is the social norm for women in many central African countries.

When Stephanie Walsh was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1996 for her photographs of a genital mutilation rite in Kenya, the inhumanity of the procedure was exposed to the general public, helping to legitimize a subject that many found uncomfortable to discuss.

For the past ten to fifteen years, France has criminally prosecuted immigrant parents who have had their daughters excised, and in October 1996 the U.S. Congress outlawed female genital mutilation in this country. The U.N. announced a global campaign in 1997 to eradicate the practice, and a growing number of refugee, women's, and human rights organizations in Africa and around the world have called for its prohibition.

The World Health Organization estimates it will take a minimum of ten years to reduce the prevalence of genital mutilation, and three generations to eradicate it. It will take time to transform awareness of a firmly entrenched ritual that is valued by the local culture but considered dangerous and demeaning by outsiders.

** Countries practicing genital mutilation

Genital mutilation is practiced in 28 countries in central Africa, ranging from Somalia in the east coast and stretching westward to Senegal on the Atlantic. The rite is believed to have originated more than two thousand years ago in Egypt or the Horn of Africa (what is now Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Somalia). The World Health Organization estimates that more than 130 million women have undergone the procedure. Although it is most often associated with Islam, it is also practiced by Christians, adherents to traditional African religions, and one Jewish sect.

** Background

割禮這一習俗源于猶太教，有2000多年的歷史。在猶太人中間，割禮實際上是履行與上帝之立約、確定猶太人身份、進入婚姻許可范圍的一種標志。現在，割禮不再局限于猶太人，在非洲，50多個國家中有30多個在不同范圍內實行割禮。

非洲割禮的習俗已有4000多年歷史。據聯合國有關資料透露，目前，受過割禮的女子已有1．3億人之多，現在平均每天還有約6000名女孩經受刀割之苦。在非洲，女子行割禮十分普遍。一些地區通行割禮，另一些地區，如埃及和肯尼亞半數女孩須行割禮。在塞內加爾和坦桑尼亞，15％的女孩要行割禮。

世界衛生組織2002年的一份報告表明，世界每年大約有200萬女孩面臨被實施割禮的危險。割禮師骯臟的"手術刀"每年都會造成多起事故，包括傷口潰瘍、破傷風、大出血、傳播艾滋病乃至死亡，這對婦女特別是少女的身心造成了嚴重傷害。

日前，肯尼亞總統莫伊代表政府首次就女子割禮問題表明立場稱，女子割禮是陳規陋俗，應該予以擯棄。莫伊呼吁人們像同艾滋病作斗爭一樣來鏟除這種陳規陋俗。據新華社報道，此前，坦桑尼亞、多哥、塞內加爾和科特迪瓦等國已通過立法禁止女子割禮，試圖鏟除這種陳規陋俗。

(Agencies)

Genital mutilation :（外陰割除）

female circumcision :（女子割禮）

promiscuity: (雜亂的性關系，性關系不檢點)

asylum: shelter (庇護所）

prosecuted: (起訴）