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So many choices: What to do? What to do?
(USA TODAY)
Updated: 2006-01-17 15:57
Dozens of drug-prescription plans. More than 8,000 mutual funds. Fixed-rate,
interest-only and option ARM mortgages. Regular 401(k) plans vs. Roth 401(k)s.
Countless flavors of bank accounts.
Choice is a hallmark of capitalism, and most of us would agree that having
too many choices is far better than having no choices. A growing body of
research, though, shows Americans have become so besieged by choices that many
feel paralyzed and confused. (Advice: Tips on making smart choices)
Having to choose one brand of jam out of 20 brands is one thing. But as
Americans bear more responsibility for their own financial lives - from drug
coverage to retirement savings - their decisions are looming larger than ever.
At stake: their retirement, their health care and their children's education.
The problem is that many of us aren't up to making such decisions, says Barry
Schwartz, a psychology professor at Swarthmore College and author of The Paradox
of Choice: Why More Is Less.
"This is just not a world for amateurs," Schwartz says. "The stakes are
higher for things like health care and retirement plans than jeans or cereal."
The latest example: the Medicare prescription drug plan, which offers seniors
in some states 50 or more plan options. Some seniors could save hundreds of
dollars a year by signing up for the new benefit. And if they fail to join by
May 15, they'll pay higher premiums in 2007.
Yet according to a November survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, 37% of
seniors don't plan to enroll in the plan. An additional 43% said they weren't
sure.
Bill Bennett, 82, of Tacoma, Wash., says he could probably save money by
signing up for the drug benefit because his current drug coverage through a
Medigap plan is costly. But after trying to navigate the program, he gave up. He
says it was "just impossible" to screen all the options and see which offered
the best coverage.
The Medicare drug plan reflects a deeply held belief that choice is good, and
that more choice is better, Schwartz says.
The problem with that idea, he says, is it's "empirically wrong." Faced with
choice overload, people typically respond in one of three ways, Schwartz says.
We freeze and make no choice. We make the wrong choice. Or we make the right
choice but question our decision. "Even though you have no reason to be
displeased, you're just sure you could have done better," Schwartz says.
Other areas where we risk choice overload:
Retirement
About 70% of workers contributed to 401(k) plans in 2004, according to Hewitt
Associates. But among workers younger than 30, only 46% participated, Hewitt
says. And just as traditional pensions are vanishing, most Americans are saving
far too little to maintain their standard of living in retirement. The average
401(k) balance was $69,000 in 2004, Hewitt says.
Economists offer many reasons for America's low savings rate, but an
overabundance of choices is seen as one key factor. A study by Sheena Iyengar
and Wei Jiang, professors at Columbia Business School, found that as companies
increased the options in 401(k) plans, participation actually fell.
Participation starts to drop after companies offer more than nine or 10
funds, Iyengar says. The average 401(k) plan offers 14 funds, according to
Hewitt.
And as the number of funds rises, workers are more likely to invest in money
market funds or other options that might be too conservative, Iyengar says.
Those types of funds are low risk but provide low returns over time, raising the
likelihood that workers won't have enough money for retirement.
And starting this year, some workers will have yet another choice: the Roth
401(k) plan. The Roth 401(k),being offered by some companies,resembles a
traditional 401(k). But contributions are made in after-tax dollars. This new
savings plan could benefit workers who expect their tax rate to rise in
retirement, because they won't pay taxes on withdrawals. Still, "There's a great
concern that people will be paralyzed by the choice," says Chris Bowman of
Principal Financial.
Bill Janin, a manager for DaimlerChrysler in Baton Rouge, says his company's
401(k) plan offers 36 funds. He invests in 13 of the funds and also manages his
wife's 401(k). "It's constant maintenance," Janin says. "This is not something
anybody prepared me for."
Education
State-run college 529 savings plans let parents and other family members save
up to $500,000 for their children's college education. Withdrawals are tax free
as long as the money is used for college expenses. And many states offer tax
breaks for residents. Yet about only one-third of parents who are saving for
college have invested in a 529 or other tax-advantaged plan, a 2004 survey
conducted for Fidelity Investments found.
Parents interested in opening 529 plans have no shortage of choices - and
they don't have to invest in their own state's plan to get the federal tax
benefits. That may be part of the problem. The popular website
SavingforCollege.com, a clearinghouse for information about 529 plans, lists 126
state-run plans. Arizona offers seven 529 plans. Oregon offers four.
Parents can also choose from several other college savings vehicles,
including Coverdell education savings accounts and Uniform Gifts to Minors Act
accounts.
Rich Towler, 38, a company manager in Holly Springs, N.C., has set up an
education savings account for his two children, ages 9 and 5. He's looked into
529 savings plans but hasn't invested in one "because I don't know which one is
better."
Towler is also saving for retirement and trying to help his father, a
retiree, pick a Medicare drug plan. "The difference between our generation and
... our parents is it seems the responsibility is being shifted to us, but so is
the burden," Towler said in an e-mail.
Mortgages
Not long ago, most home loans were 30-year fixed-rate mortgages. We focused
mainly on finding one with the lowest rate.
But years of low interest rates, rising home values and record homeownership
have spawned a variety of new products. The options range from hybrid
adjustable-rate mortgages to piggyback loans. Borrowers also have a wide choice
of lenders.
Andy Block (no relation), 24, of San Francisco, says he was "overwhelmed" by
ads for mortgage lenders once he began shopping for a mortgage in September
2004. Block, a manager for Bard Peripheral Vascular, a manufacturer of surgical
devices, went with Bank of America after reading a poster advertising mortgages
while he was waiting to deposit a check.
Because he'd been working for only nine months and had no money for a down
payment, Block ended up with two mortgages: a five-year ARM for 80% of the
value, and a 10-year ARM with a higher rate for 20%. He used the loan to buy a
loft in San Francisco that he shares with his fiancée, Ashlee Willis.
Block, who holds bachelor's degrees in biochemistry and entrepreneurship from
Miami University of Ohio, says nothing prepared him for the mortgage process.
"I basically did a crash course on all the different options that people were
trying to sell me all the time."
Dina Burke, 42, of northern New Jersey, says she tried to research her
options when she and her husband refinanced their mortgage. But the complexity
of the process and the array of choices led them to refinance with their
existing lender. "We probably could have gotten a better deal somewhere else,"
says Burke, an engineer who is staying home with their two young children.
Comparing fees was particularly difficult, Burke says. "You get this piece of
paper, a legal piece of paper, and the words are really tiny," she says. "It's
really intimidating."
Facing a multitude of financial options, millions of people pay someone to
help them decide. Most mutual funds sold outside 401(k) plans are "load" funds.
That means investors pay brokers and financial advisers 5% or more of their
initial investment to buy them.
Similarly, more than 60% of 529 plans are sold through brokers and advisers.
More than 65% of home mortgages are originated through brokers, according to the
National Association of Mortgage Brokers.
But selecting an adviser is anything but straightforward. Designations for
financial professionals run the alphabetical gamut: certified financial planner,
certified public accountant, personal financial specialist, chartered financial
analyst, to name a few. There are also fee-only and fee-based financial
planners, along with planners who work solely for commissions.
Questionable brokers
Worse, not all professionals are looking out for their clients' best
interests. In October, Ameriprise Financial Services agreed to pay a $1.25
million fine to settle charges by the NASD that it had sold unsuitable 529 plans
to investors.
The NASD said brokers for the company sold out-of-state plans to investors
who could've received tax breaks by investing in their own states' plans.
Ameriprise neither admitted or denied the charges.
Joe Strahosky, 62, of Elysburg, Pa., says he approached a regional brokerage
two years ago, seeking advice on how to save for retirement. He ended up
investing in five annuities. Now he wonders whether the adviser was more
interested in generating commissions than helping him save. "Why not just one
annuity?" he wonders now.
Not everyone feels paralyzed by choice. Neil Brown of Colorado Springs
selected Colorado's 529 plan for his 11-year-old son because it offers a state
tax break and is managed by Vanguard, which also manages his 401(k) plan. He
also has an education savings account for his son through Vanguard.
Financial choices are "complex, but many things are complex," Brown says.
Similarly, Bill Janin of Baton Rouge says he's starting to enjoy piloting his
own 401(k) plan. Last year, he earned 8.5%, vs. 6.6% for the average stock fund.
"Choices are a good thing," he says. "It's the decisions that are the tough
part."
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