Zhang Enci in his orchid garden in Zhangzhou, Fujian province. [Wang Chao / China Daily]

Whoever decided to give the name narcissus to a flower that many of us call a daffodil obviously did not have a marketing degree.

The orchid, on the other hand, does not carry the baggage of an association with a personality disorder. Indeed in China the orchid enjoys a revered place with bamboo, the chrysanthemum and the plum blossom as one of The Four Gentlemen of its art.

Not only that, but the orchid is said to represent the qualities of quietness, friendship, integrity and an indifference to fame.

On top of that, the flower is regarded as particularly delicate and susceptible to early death, and anyone with an orchid or two at home is considered not only to have good taste, but also to be endowed with traits of patience and longsuffering.

All of that means that when the flower industry of Zhangzhou markets its orchids, it has a huge head start, and the city is reaping the financial rewards of that.

Thanks to the ingrained orchid culture, Chinese orchids have a multitude of admirers and willing buyers worldwide, in particular Chinese people living in Europe and the United States.

Zhang Enci, secretary-general of the Zhangzhou Orchid Association, said most of its overseas sales emanate from orchid trading websites. Orchid aficionados place orders on the sites, and take delivery by express mail.

Helping to sate this floral fascination are 213 hectares of orchid plantations in Zhangzhou, cultivating more than 1,000 species of orchids, yielding 60 million pots every year, the local government said. About 5 percent of the annual output of 1 billion yuan ($160 million) is generated by exports, major destinations including Japan, South Korea, Europe and the United States.

Orchid cultivation in Zhangzhou dates back to the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), when orchids were mostly indigenous flowers growing in the mountains. In the wild, the leaves were slimmer and blossoms were smaller, but after centuries of human selection and growing they became more colorful and bright.

Liu Jianyun owns three Chinese orchid gardens in the city, covering 3.5 hectares. He said he grows more than 200,000 pots of orchids, valued at about 7 million yuan, a year. Every year he sells 60 percent and saves the rest for seedlings.

It takes an orchid plant two years to mature, and the average price for a pot is 40 yuan. But Liu said that even experts such as him have to make provision for a loss of 15 percent of the plants as many of them fail to make it to maturity.

Liu's plantation is among 62 large orchid plantations in Zhangzhou, anything larger than 1.5 hectares regarded as fitting in that category. There are also 25 joint-venture gardens and 1,700 self-employed businesses. The industry is said to employ 12,000 people.

Many of the gardens have been passed down from generation to generation, and a common talking point for the owners is what is regarded as a golden age for the industry nine years ago.

That year a single pot of a particular species fetched 10 million yuan and as buying a Chinese orchid became akin to buying an expensive car they were dubbed Benchi lanhua (the Mercedez-Benz orchid).

But those days seem to be over, because precious species are easily reproduced by tissue cultures today, and the most expensive species costs less than 10,000 yuan.

"As cultivation technology matured, the price of orchids returned to normal," Zhang said.

"Making an instant fortune selling these flowers has become hard to do, and we have to focus on quality and marketing."

Although the city is one of the country's biggest orchid producers, Zhang said, exports are small, partly because of a lack of logistics for fresh flowers.

At the risk of dehydration and death en route, the delicate flower demands transport to overseas destinations by air.

"But air freight is outrageously expensive in China," Zhang said. "That helps explain why overseas buyers are still largely limited to hard-bitten orchid lovers rather than everyday households."

So in addition to Chinese communities in Japan, the US and Europe, Zhangzhou sells its orchids to nearby provinces. As the flower blossoms for 20 days during winter, it is seen as a harbinger of spring, and the great bulk of sales take place during Spring Festival.

One species that is particularly popular at the moment is the butterfly orchid, which is widespread in Southeast Asia, North America and North Africa. These orchids, colorful and bright, are particularly popular in Europe and the US, while Chinese orchids, simple and elegant, seem to appeal more to Asian tastes.

Hong Gerui, manager of Zhangzhou Jetting Biotechnology Co, said exports to Western countries have grown rapidly in recent years. The company is one of China's top five orchid producers and has customers worldwide.

Hong said European customers buy about 50,000 young plants from the company a month, as do Japanese customers. Each plant sells for 5 or 6 yuan.

"Zhangzhou's climate is optimal for butterfly orchids, and as we have been growing this variety for more than 10 years, we have experience and skills our European counterparts don't have."

The plants produced here are much cheaper than those cultivated in Europe, he said.