The region is home to the Purog Kangri Glacier, as well as Siling Lake and Namtso Lake, the largest and second-largest lakes in Xizang. It is also the birthplace of three big rivers in China — the Yangtze, Nujiang and Yarlung Zangbo rivers.

Noting that this expedition is significantly in larger scale and more comprehensive, Thompson reflected on his first visit to Purog Kangri in September 2000.

"Getting here was not easy back then. The road was muddy. Because the trucks were heavily laden with gear, we actually had to lay road cushions, so that the vehicles wouldn't sink in the mud," he recalls. "We worked hard to push and pull, trying to just get to the site. But this year's experience is totally different. Paved road all the way here, brand-new hotel and the research base is fully equipped."

In October that year, the research team successfully drilled its first ice core, reaching a depth of 118.55 meters, followed by two additional cores at the depths of 213 meters and 154 meters.

"Ice cores are crucial for understanding climate and environmental changes. Glaciers worldwide are retreating, and once they melt, the historical records they hold will disappear. Therefore, preserving these ice cores is vital. They serve as archives, allowing us to extract historical information even as new technologies emerge," Thompson emphasizes, hoping this drilling will yield the longest and oldest ice cores from mid-latitude regions.

The Purog Kangri Glacier occupies a unique position in glaciology. "The conditions of these glaciers are much different from those we find in the polar regions or deeper in the tropics, and they are so important for the water resources, for the people who live downstream," he says. "Understanding what the climate history was in this region and then how it fits into the global picture is extremely important. I think the international collaboration is the only way we can do this."

Thompson first visited China in 1984, when he began a scientific collaboration with Yao and other Chinese scholars. Over the past four decades, they have drilled ice cores in various glaciers across China and published their findings in prestigious journals like Science, while also advancing the Third Pole Environment program.

"We have built a solid scientific foundation over our 40 years of collaboration, establishing trust and viewing each other as brothers. This relationship is our most valuable asset in scientific research and cooperation," Thompson says.

He also expressed optimism about the future of glaciology in China. He recalls that 40 years ago when he first arrived in China, there was only one glacial station, and the quality, the level of scientific research were very low. "But over the last 40 years, the investments that the Chinese authorities made into glaciology have been tremendous.

"The achievements of the past 40 years in China are remarkable," he continues. "For me, the best scenario is when the world achieves a win-win situation, where we all benefit from cooperation, explore new fields, and deepen our understanding of climate science. This is how we make progress.

"China plays a very important role in the future. And I really appreciate the amount of investment the authorities made in science here in China over the last 40 years. I wish I saw that in every country around the world," he says. "In the future, I want to continue documenting the changes we observe in these glaciers."

Xinhua